CPU roadmap: 2007 and beyond
Published: 19 Mar 2007
How we got here: where we stand today
Desktop CPU recap
The dual-core PC era began in April 2005 when Intel released the Pentium Extreme Edition 840 processor, a 3.2GHz, 90nm chip. Following this pricey Extreme Edition chip was 'dual-core for the mainstream' in the form of the Pentium D 800 series. Intel's second-generation dual-core chips, the Pentium D 900 series, were released in early 2006 and saw the company move to the 65nm process. During this time, AMD was garnering rave reviews with its dual-core, 90nm Athlon 64 X2 line, thanks in large part to its integrated memory controller. Whereas Intel's chips still needed to shuttle data via the slower front-side bus to communicate with system memory, AMD's chips featured a memory controller on the die that operated at the same frequency as the processor itself.
It wasn't until Intel introduced its Core technology in July 2006 that we were able to fully grasp the benefits of dual-core processing. The architecture behind Core 2 Duo chips not only brought about leaps in performance but also improved efficiency. Although they didn't introduce an on-die memory controller, the chips did introduce a host of architectural improvements — most significantly a unified cache structure. Instead of a separate allotment of L2 cache dedicated to each of the two cores as was the case with Intel's previous dual-core chips and AMD's Athlon 64 X2 CPUs, Core 2 Duo chips had one large pool to pull from, which provides greater flexibility in allowing each core to access more cache as needed.
The advantages of multicore processing can be seen when multitasking or running a multi-threaded application. Although some multi-threaded apps such as Photoshop and iTunes are available, more programs released in the near future will be designed to run on multicore processors. Vista was built to run on multicore processors, for example, while XP was primarily a single-threaded operating system.
The way CPUs will continue to advance won't be with increased clock speed, but with more cores. Intel released a quad-core chip, the Core 2 Extreme QX6700, in November 2006 and then came out with a mainstream equivalent, the Core 2 Quad Q6600, at CES in January 2007. AMD answered with the Quad FX.
Intel and AMD each continue to manufacture single-core processors for budget PCs. You'll still find low-end systems featuring Intel's Pentium 4 and Celeron D chips alongside those featuring AMD's Athlon 64 and Sempron parts.
Notebook CPU recap
Intel's current practice of marketing a whole mobile platform under a single name began in early 2003 with the introduction of Centrino. The platform designated a specific combination of Intel-manufactured processor, wireless card and integrated graphics that the company claimed was optimised for better performance and battery life. Released to coincide with the Centrino launch, the first Pentium M processor (code-named: Banias) signalled Intel's commitment to manufacturing CPUs specifically for use in notebooks, with features designed to lower both heat output and power consumption. From its inception and through a refresh in 2005 (Dothan), the Centrino platform incorporated a Pentium M processor, an Intel Mobile Express chipset and Intel PRO/Wireless Wi-Fi card.
The third generation of Centrino (Napa) was inaugurated in early 2006 with the release of the first mobile Core processors. As the name implied, Core Duo processors (released in January) provided the first mobile dual-core experience, while the Core Solo (released in April) used the same dual-core die, but with only one active core. The new Centrino platform included a Core processor, Intel Mobile 945 Express chipset, and Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG Wi-Fi; the platform name 'Centrino Duo' refers to a Centrino system with a Core Duo processor.
The platform's most recent update came in late summer of 2006, when Intel launched the Core 2 Duo (Merom) processor, which among other improvements doubled the amount of L2 cache found on its predecessor and brought gains in performance and battery life. Aside from the processor update, the Centrino platform remains the same.
Concurrent to these developments, Intel has maintained the Celeron M line of budget processors. Celerons are built on the same architecture as the current generation of high-end CPUs (for example, Pentium M or Core), but generally feature half the L2 cache and lack some of the newest power and processing management technologies. In addition, Intel developed the Pentium Dual-Core at the request of notebook manufacturers. This budget dual-core processor has a smaller shared L2 cache and fewer power management features than Core 2 Duo. Neither Pentium Dual-Core nor Celeron processors are considered part of the Centrino platform.
A survey of the notebook market today would reveal Celeron, Core Solo, Core Duo and Core 2 Duo processors, with a few Pentium Dual-Core and some residual Pentium M systems.
AMD, meanwhile, started designing processors specifically for the mobile market (and not just adapting desktop processors for notebooks) in 2005. March of that year saw the release of Turion 64, which featured support for 64-bit computing and new power management features. The company released its first dual-core mobile processor, the Turion 64 X2, in May 2006. AMD has continued to manufacture its Mobile Sempron line for the budget market; unlike its higher-end siblings, Mobile Sempron does not support 64-bit computing, nor does it incorporate AMD'sHyperTransport technology.
Historically, AMD hasn't manufactured graphics cards or wireless solutions, so the company's mobile platform is based on what its marketing department calls an 'open ecosystem'. AMD ensures its processors and chipsets work with all the major third-party graphics and wireless solutions so notebook manufacturers can choose each element individually. That pattern is set to change, at least a little, now that AMD has acquired graphics chipmaker ATI; although the company outwardly remains committed to providing an open platform, we expect to see tighter integration between AMD processors and ATI graphics cards in the future.
A survey of the notebook market today would reveal Mobile Sempron, Turion 64 and Turion 64 X2 systems.
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